我们深入学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，全面贯彻落实党的二十大和二十届历次全会精神，按照党中央决策部署，一年来主要做了以下工作。
Last year, we continued to enrich our understanding of and apply Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. We also fully applied the guiding principles from the 20th CPC National Congress and the plenary sessions of the 20th CPC Central Committee. Acting on the decisions and plans of the Party Central Committee, we mainly did the following work:
“精神”在政治语境下不是 spirit，而是指“指导原则”；
决策部署：decisions and plans / arrangements，
成对词翻译：
政策措施：policies and measures
体制机制：systems and mechanisms
困难挑战：difficulties and challenges
统筹协调：coordinate
调查研究：research / survey
坚定不移：unswervingly / firmly
调整优化：optimize / fine-tune
act on在词典上的解释是：to take action because of a particular piece of information, advice, or an order（根据……采取行动/行事）。政府工作报告的语境是：“党中央指明了方向，我们付诸了行动，做了以下工作”。Act on完美将“决策（decisions）”和后面的“工作（work）”通过“行动”连接了起来，体现了政府极强的执行力（execution）。
词条：
习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想：Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era
党的二十大：the 20th CPC National Congress
二十届历次全会：the plenary sessions of the 20th CPC Central Committee
党中央：the Party Central Committee
一是实施更加积极有为的宏观政策，着力稳定经济运行。年初我们就做好了应对复杂多变局面的充分准备，一季度经济起势有力、开局良好。
1. We implemented more proactive and effective macro policies and worked to maintain stable economic performance.
Early in the year, we took all necessary steps to prepare for emerging complex and volatile situations. China's economy was thus well-placed to get off to a good start and build strong momentum in the first quarter.
positive（态度正面）active（活跃）proactive 的核心意思是“预判并先发制人”；积极的财政政策：标准译法就是 proactive fiscal policy；proactive and effective 也是非常地道的英文表达，有节奏感、适合官方文件；
看到“动荡”“多变”“反复无常”时，除了unstable，用volatile瞬间提升专业度。the volatile stock market（波动剧烈的股市）highly volatile exchange rates（高度波动的汇率）;
well-placed：处于有利位置/具备了良好条件。
这个词对应了中文里的隐含逻辑：因为我们年初做了“充分准备”，所以到了第一季度，中国经济才具备了这种开局良好的条件。
二季度以后，针对经济运行中的新情况特别是美国加征关税冲击，充分发挥存量政策作用，加力推出稳就业稳经济等一系列新举措，有力对冲了经济下行压力，保障了全年主要目标实现。
From the second quarter on, in response to new developments facing the economy, particularly the impact of US tariff hikes, we fully leveraged policies already in place and introduced a range of more robust measures to maintain employment and economic stability. These steps effectively cushioned downward economic pressure and ensured the fulfillment of major objectives for the year.
存量政策指之前已经出台、正在执行中的政策；增量政策指新推出的政策。policies already in place（已经就位的政策）存量政策；
Cushion原意是“垫子”。当经济面临剧烈“下行压力（downward pressure）”时，就像重物砸下来。引申义：Cushion the impact/pressure指“缓冲……的撞击/减轻……的压力”。它承认压力存在，但通过政策这块“垫子”，让经济不至于“硬着陆”。Offset 是完全抵消；Cushion 是减缓冲击，更符合宏观调控的实际效果，压力还在，但接住了。
在财经新闻中，hike几乎是固定搭配。hike特指价格、税率、利率等大幅度、突然地甚至是不受欢迎地提高，可以顺便记住这几个词组：
interest rate hikes：加息（比如美联储加息）；price hikes：物价飞涨 / 涨价；tax hikes：增税。
实施更加积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，扩大财政支出规模，加强重点领域财力保障，下调政策利率和存款准备金率，持续降低社会综合融资成本。
We pursued a more proactive fiscal policy and an appropriately accommodative monetary policy. Government spending was increased to strengthen fiscal support for key areas, while policy interest rates and required reserve ratios were cut to further reduce overall financing costs.
“宽松”在金融语境下不用loose或easy，而用accommodative（意为“提供便利的、调节性的”）；
对于“政策”这种宏观指导方针，用pursue比用implement（实施、执行）显得更有战略高度；
很多同学会写 moderately。但在政府工作报告中，“适度”（即恰到好处地、符合要求地）更倾向于用 appropriately；
实施......政策，（以）扩大......规模，加强......保障，下调......，降低......。：we ...... . ......was increased to ...... to strenthen ...... , while ...... was cut to reduce ...... .
加力扩围实施消费品以旧换新，带动商品销售额超过2.6万亿元，文旅体等服务消费潜力加快释放，社会消费品零售总额突破50万亿元。
Consumer goods trade-in programs were ramped up and extended to more items, resulting in over 2.6 trillion yuan in commodity sales. Consumption potential was unlocked at an accelerated pace in culture, tourism, sports, and other service sectors, with total retail sales of consumer goods topping 50 trillion yuan.
围绕扩大有效投资，加强“两重”项目建设，加快设备更新资金拨付使用，设备购置投资增长11.8%，设立新型政策性金融工具补充重点项目资本金。
To boost effective investment, we stepped up efforts to implement major national strategies and enhance security capacity in key areas. Funding for equipment upgrades was allocated and put to use more quickly, driving an 11.8-percent increase in investment in equipment purchase. New types of policy-backed financial instruments were introduced to replenish capital for major projects.
扩大有效投资：boost effective investment；
“两重”（重大战略实施和重点领域安全能力建设）：major national strategies and enhance security capacity in key areas；
设备更新资金拨付：funding for equipment upgrades；
新型政策性金融工具：New types of policy-backed financial instruments；
补充重点项目资本金：replenish capital for major projects。
持续用力稳楼市，合理控制新增房地产用地供应，因城施策调减限制性措施，下调个人住房公积金贷款利率，“保交房”任务全面完成。
We continued to take effective steps to stabilize the real estate market. We kept the supply of land for new real estate projects at an appropriate level, introduced city-specific policies to adjust and reduce property transaction restrictions, and cut interest rates on mortgages granted through individual housing provident funds. The task of ensuring timely delivery of housing projects was completed across the board.
第一、二句的动作是政府主动作为，用 We 作主语，连续动作用 and 连接。第三句是客观结果/成就，切为独立句，用 物称主语 + 被动语态（was completed），体现政报对“成就”惯用的客观陈述语气。
合理控制……，因城施策……，下调……：We kept... at an appropriate level, introduced..., and cut...
保交房：ensuring timely delivery of housing projects
综合施策稳股市，资本市场回稳回暖、交易活跃。深入实施一揽子化债方案，有序置换地方政府存量隐性债务，持续压减融资平台数量，地方债务结构不断优化。
Thanks to coordinated measures taken to keep the stock market stable, the capital market steadily rebounded and transactions became brisk. We continued to implement a package of measures to address debt risks. As hidden local government debts were replaced in a well-ordered way and the number of financing platforms was further reduced, the structure of local government debts continued to improve.
综合施策：coordinated measures
一揽子化债方案：a package of measures to address debt risks
有序置换：replaced in a well-ordered way
地方政府存量隐性债务：hidden local government debts
融资平台：financing platforms
压减数量：the number of ... was further reduced
交易活跃：transactions became brisk
地方债务结构：the structure of local government debts
不断优化：continued to improve
一体推进地方中小金融机构风险处置和转型发展，高风险机构数量大幅下降，风险化解成效明显。
We also took well-coordinated steps to defuse risks in small and medium local financial institutions and to promote their transformation and development. As a result, the number of high-risk financial institutions fell considerably, and notable progress was secured in risk mitigation.
一体推进：took well-coordinated steps
地方中小金融机构风险处置：defuse risks in small and medium local financial institutions
风险化解：risk mitigation
高风险机构：high-risk financial institutions
数量大幅下降：the number of ... fell considerably
成效明显：notable progress was secured
二是坚持创新驱动发展，建设现代化产业体系。全面推进科技强国建设战略部署，强化国家战略科技力量建设，完善区域科技创新体系，加强基础前沿领域体系化布局和关键核心技术攻关。全社会研发经费投入强度达到2.8%，技术合同成交额增长10.8%。
2. We pursued innovation-driven development and continued to build a modernized industrial system.
We implemented strategic plans for comprehensively building China's strength in science and technology. This included boosting strategic science and technology capabilities, improving regional technological innovation systems, reinforcing systematic planning for basic and frontier areas, and making breakthroughs in core technologies in key fields. Last year, China's R&D spending reached 2.8 percent of GDP, and the value of technology contract transactions rose by 10.8 percent.
“研发经费投入强度达到2.8%”在政报中特指占GDP的比重，英文必须展开为 R&D spending reached 2.8 percent of GDP，不能只译字面的“强度”。
“攻关”在政报中通常是突破的意思，动词用 make breakthroughs in，而非字面的 attack key problems。
四个“加强/强化/完善/推进”在译文中分别用了 boosting / improving / reinforcing / making breakthroughs in，注意动词的差异化和分词形式的逻辑平行。
科技创新和产业创新融合加快，传统产业转型升级不断深入，新兴产业、未来产业蓬勃发展，现代服务业保持快速发展势头。
The integration of technological and industrial innovation picked up pace; transformation and upgrading of traditional industries continued; emerging industries and industries of the future achieved impressive growth; and rapid development was sustained in modern services.
聚焦重点领域制定修订583项国家标准。持续推进制造业数字化转型和“人工智能+”行动，行业应用加快落地，新型智能终端不断涌现。数据要素潜力加快释放，数字经济核心产业增加值占国内生产总值的比重提高到10.5%以上。
A total of 583 national standards for key areas were formulated or revised. We moved ahead with digital transformation of manufacturing and the AI Plus Initiative. AI industrial application gathered pace, and new intelligent terminals emerged continuously. The potential of data as a production factor was unlocked more quickly, and the value added of core digital economy industries exceeded 10.5 percent of GDP.
制定修订：were formulated or revised；
持续推进：moved ahead with；
加快落地：gathered pace；
不断涌现：emerged continuously；
加快释放：was unlocked more quickly；
提高到……以上：exceeded
